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Al Battani

  8. Al-Battani*  *Full Name*: Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-Harrani  *Born*: c. 858 CE, near Harran  *Died*: 929 CE  *Main Interests*: Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology  *Notable Ideas*: Trigonometric relationships  *Major Works*: _Kitab al-Zij_  Al-Battani is sometimes known by the Latin version of his name: Albategnius, Albategni, or Albatenius. *Early Life and Career*: Abdullah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around *858 CE in Harran*. Battani was first educated by his father, Jabir ibn Sinan, who was also a renowned scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, located on the banks of the Euphrates River, where he received advanced education and later flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he moved to Samarra, where he worked until the end of his life.  His family had been members of the *Sabian sect*, a religious sect of star worshippers in Harran. Being worshipp...
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Al Farabi

 *7. Al-Farabi*   *Name*: Al-Farabi   *Full Name*: Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi   *Title*: The Second Teacher   *Born*: 872, Farab on the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) in modern Kazakhstan or Faryab in Khorasan (modern-day Afghanistan)   *Died*: 950, Damascus   *Ethnicity*: Persian or Turkic   *Era*: Islamic Golden Age   Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (c. 870–950) was an early Islamic intellectual who was instrumental in transmitting the theories of Plato and Aristotle to the Muslim world, and had a considerable influence on later Islamic philosophers like Avicenna. He was an excellent linguist who translated Greek works on Aristotle and Plato and made considerable additions of his own. He earned the nickname _Mu’allim al-Thani_, which translates as “The Second Master” or “The Second Teacher.” *Early Life*: Al-Farabi completed his early education in Farab and Bukhara, but later, he went to Baghdad for higher educati...
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Al khwarizmi

 6. Al-Khwarizmi*   *Name*: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi   *Born*: 780   *Died*: 850   *Era*: Medieval Era (Islamic Golden Age), Khwarazm   *Notable Ideas*: Treatise on algebra and Indian numerals   *Early Life*: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. He was born in Persia at that time. Al-Khwarizmi was one of the scholarly people who worked in the House of Wisdom. Al-Khwarizmi flourished while working as a member of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under the leadership of Caliph al-Ma’mun, son of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, who became famous in the Arabian Nights. The House of Wisdom was a scientific research and teaching center. *Contributions and Achievements*: Al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics (which is one reason he is called by some the grandfather of computer science). Al-Khwarizmi’s a...
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Al kindi

 *5. Al-Kindi*   *Name*: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi   *Born*: 801, Basra, Iraq   *Died*: 873 (aged approx. 72), Baghdad, Iraq   *Era*: Medieval Era (Islamic Golden Age)   *Region*: Iraq, Arab World, Muslim World   *School*: Islamic Theology, Philosophy   *Main Interests*: Philosophy, Logic, Ethics, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Psychology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Metaphysics, Cosmology, Astrology, Music Theory, Islamic Theology (Kalam)   Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq (d. c. 866–73), practically unknown in the Western world, holds a respected place in the Islamic world as the ‘Philosopher of the Arabs’. Today he can be seen as a bridge between Greek philosophers and Islamic philosophy. Part of the brilliant 9th-century Abbasid court in Baghdad, composed of all kinds of literati, he served as a teacher to the caliph’s son. He gained insight into the ideas of Greek philosophers, ...
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Al Razi

  4. Al-Razi / Rhazes*  *Name*: Al-Razi or Rhazes  *Full Name*: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi  *Born*: 854 CE, Ray (near Tehran)  *Died*: 932 or 925 CE, Ray  *Era*: Medieval Era  *Field*: Islamic Philosophy, Persian Science, Islamic Medicine  *Main Interests*: Chemistry, Medicine, and Philosophy  *Notable Ideas*: 1. First to produce acids like sulfuric acid 2. Wrote limited or extensive notes on diseases like smallpox and chickenpox 3. Pioneer in ophthalmology, author of the first book on pediatrics 4. Pioneering contributions in inorganic and organic chemistry 5. Author of many philosophical works  Al-Razi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (Persian: محمد زکریای رازی), known to medieval Latinists as Rhazes or Rasis, (26 August 865–925) was a Persian polymath, a prominent figure of the Islamic Golden Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar. He has many “firsts” in medical research, clinical care, a...
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Al Thabit

 3. Al-Thabit / Thabit ibn Qurra*   *Born*: 210–211 AH / 826 CE, Harran (Bilad al-Sham, Syria), Wednesday, 26 Safar 288 AH   *Died*: 18 February 901 CE (aged 78–79 lunar), Julian Calendar, Baghdad   *Era*: Islamic Golden Age   *Main Interests*: Mathematics, Mechanics, Astronomy, Astrology, Translation, Number Theory   *Notable Ideas*: Early reformer of the Ptolemaic system   Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani (836–901) was an astronomer and mathematician born in present-day Turkey, known for translating classic Greek works on astronomy and for discovering an equation to determine amicable numbers. He was a Mandaean physician, known in Latin as Thebit. *Early Life*: Thabit was a member of the Sabian religious sect. His heritage had strong traditions of Hellenistic culture and pagan worship of the stars. This background, and especially his knowledge of Greek and Arabic, made him an attractive prospect to join a special comm...
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Ibn Battuta

 2. Ibn Battuta*   *Name*: Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Battuta   *Born*: 25 February 1304, Tangier, Morocco   *Died*: 1369 (aged 64–65), Morocco   *Occupation*: Explorer, Islamic scholar, jurist, judge, and geographer   *Era*: Medieval Era   *Religion*: Islam   *Introduction to Ibn Battuta*: Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battuta, also known as Shams al-Din, was born on 24 February 1304 CE (703 AH) in Tangier, Morocco. He left Tangier on Thursday, 14 June 1325 CE (2 Rajab 725 AH), when he was twenty-one years old. The journey lasted about thirty years, after which he returned to Fez, to the court of the Moroccan Sultan Abu Inan, and dictated the account of his travels to Ibn Juzayy. These are known as the famous _Travels_ (_Rihla_) of Ibn Battuta. He died in 1369 CE in Fez.  The total extent of his travels is estimated to be less than 75,000 miles, a figure unlikely to have been surpassed before the ag...
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