Samir Abbasi

 *Jabir ibn Hayyan* *Name*: Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan   *Born*: 721 CE, Tus, Umayyad Caliphate   *Died*: 815 CE   *Ethnicity*: Arab or Persian   *Era*: Islamic Golden Age   *Main Interests*: Alchemy and chemistry, astronomy, astrology, medicine and pharmacy, philosophy, physics, and philanthropy   *Notable Works*: _Kitab al-Kimya_ [Book of Chemistry], _Kitab al-Sabeen_ [Book of Seventy], _Book of the Kingdom_, _Book of Jabir ibn Hayyan_ [Father of Chemistry] His name is Abu Abdullah Jabir bin Abdullah al-Azdi. He is said to have been born in 101 AH / 721 CE. Another account gives 117 AH / 737 CE. Accounts of his birthplace vary among Arab historians. Some say he was born on the Euphrates island in eastern Syria, and others say he came from the city of Harran in Mesopotamia, Syria.  Perhaps this association is consistent with the affinity of names attributed to Jabir from Andalusian Arabia, as in the example of Jabir i...

 *Omar Khayyam* *Full Name*: Ghiyath al-Din Abu al-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Nishapuri al-Khayyami   *Born*: 18 May 1048, Nishapur, Khorasan   *Died*: 4 December 1131 (aged 83), Khorasan   *School*: Persian mathematics, Persian poetry, Persian philosophy   *Main Interests*: Mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, poetry   *Early Life and Career*:   Omar Khayyam was born on 18 May 1048 CE in Iran. Omar Khayyam was one of the foremost mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period. He was recognized as the author of the most important treatise on algebra before the modern era. This is reflected in his treatise _Demonstration of Problems of Algebra_, which demonstrates a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle.  His importance as a philosopher and teacher, and some of his surviving philosophical works, have not received as much attention as his scientific and poetic writin...

 *Tarikh-e-Amroha – Part 1* Amroha is originally derived from the Sanskrit compound word _Amrovanam_, which means “place of mangoes.” Various rulers of the Chandravanshi dynasty founded numerous cities. One king of this dynasty, Vashpan, who ascended the throne in 1212 BCE, left Hastinapur and went to Indraprastha. In the 20th generation of this king was Raja Amarjodah, who sat on the throne in 434 BCE. This king is said to be the founder of Amroha. During the reign of Balban, for some time Khwaja Ki Amroha was governed by Malik Izzuddin Ghori. Probably Mohalla Chah Gauri, which the public calls Gauri Kuan, is named after this same governor. During the reign of Sultan Muizuddin Kaiqubad, the said Malik was among the king’s close confidants and leading nobles. In the reign of Sultan Muizuddin Kaiqubad, the governor of Amroha was Malik Ambar Sultani. This man was very influential and capable. He built Amroha’s old Jama Masjid, known as the mosque of Mohalla Sado, in 1287 CE. Along wi...

 *Tarikh-e-Amroha – Part 2* Syed-ul-Hasan, Syed Hasan, known as Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat, came to Amroha from Sultanpur in the vicinity of Multan along with his maternal uncle and other relatives, and here he came to be called Shah Wilayat.  His elder son Qazi Syed Amir Ali, ancestor of the Sayyids of Mohalla Lakda Haqqani, also served Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq. Syed Muhammad Mir Adl of Amroha, his descendants, and brothers rendered splendid military and civil service to the Sultan. In that era, a considerable army and force used to stay in Amroha.  Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq also recruited royal troops from Amroha. During this very king’s reign, Ibn Battuta came to Amroha. He writes in his travelogue: “On the king’s order, the Wazir gave me 10,000, and for the remainder he wrote that 1,000 should be paid from the region of Amroha. So, to collect it and to settle a dispute between the local governor and the amir here, Ibn Battuta undertook the journey to Amroha. He stayed here ...

 *Tarikh-e-Amroha – Part 2* Syed-ul-Hasan, Syed Hasan, known as Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat, came to Amroha from Sultanpur in the vicinity of Multan along with his maternal uncle and other relatives, and here he came to be called Shah Wilayat.  His elder son Qazi Syed Amir Ali, ancestor of the Sayyids of Mohalla Lakda Haqqani, also served Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq. Syed Muhammad Mir Adl of Amroha, his descendants, and brothers rendered splendid military and civil service to the Sultan. In that era, a considerable army and force used to stay in Amroha.  Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq also recruited royal troops from Amroha. During this very king’s reign, Ibn Battuta came to Amroha. He writes in his travelogue: “On the king’s order, the Wazir gave me 10,000, and for the remainder he wrote that 1,000 should be paid from the region of Amroha. So, to collect it and to settle a dispute between the local governor and the amir here, Ibn Battuta undertook the journey to Amroha. He stayed here ...

 *Tarikh-e-Amroha – Part 3* Sultan Sikandar Lodi resided in Sambhal itself for four-five years. This king was not only a patron of learning but was himself well-versed in knowledge. During this period, Sambhal and Amroha, due to the presence of scholars and learned men, became centers of learning and art.  Because of the king’s appreciation, scholars and learned men came here in droves from various regions and cities. Some of those families settled in Sambhal and Amroha. The ancestors of Amroha’s Abbasi family, who were among the distinguished scholars of that era, also came here during this time.  In 907 Hijri, the king convened a scholarly debate assembly in Sambhal for the purification of a _saray_. Scholars from various places were invited to participate in this gathering. Khwaja Qutbuddin Kank Khan was the governor of Amroha during the early reign of Humayun and the initial period of Akbar. The Jami Masjid-e-Qaqabadi is a memorial of his era in Amroha. When it collap...