*Hazrat Dawud, peace be upon him*[David] It is narrated from Wahb bin Munabbih, may Allah have mercy on him, that Hazrat Dawud was short in stature, had blue eyes, sparse hair, and a pure heart. When Hazrat Dawud killed Jalut, he earned respect and love in the hearts of the Children of Israel. Eventually he was made king. Allah the Exalted also granted him prophethood. In this way, prophethood and kingship were united in one person. Before this, a king would be from one tribe and a prophet from another.[Goliath] Some say that when Jalut challenged Talut to a duel, he said, “Either you come to me or I will come to you.” Talut asked his army, “Who will accept his challenge?” Hazrat Dawud came forward, fought Jalut, and killed him. Wahb bin Munabbih states that the people, impressed by Hazrat Dawud’s bravery, deposed Talut and made Hazrat Dawud king. _“And We certainly gave Dawud from Us bounty. [We said], ‘O mountains, repeat praises with him, and the birds [as well].’ And We made iron p...
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*Hazrat Sulaiman, peace be upon him — Part 1*[Solomon] Allah the Exalted made Hazrat Sulaiman the successor of Hazrat Dawud and, through wisdom and prophethood, appointed him as heir, and further bestowed His grace and bounty upon him. The command of Allah is: _“And Sulaiman inherited from Dawud. And he said, ‘O people, we have been taught the speech of birds, and we have been given from all things. Indeed, this is evident bounty.’”_ And gathered for Sulaiman were his armies of jinn, men, and birds, and they were set in ranks. Until, when they came to the valley of the ants, an ant said, _“O ants, enter your dwellings lest Sulaiman and his soldiers crush you unknowingly.”_ Hearing her words, he smiled and said, _“My Lord, enable me to be grateful for Your favor which You have bestowed upon me and upon my parents, and to do righteous deeds that will please You. And admit me by Your mercy into [the ranks of] Your righteous servants.”_ He took a muster of the birds and said, _“Why do...
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*Hazrat Sulaiman, peace be upon him — Part 2*[Solomon] When the envoys returned to her with a stern reply, she saw no option but to submit. So, along with the Queen, they set out to present themselves before Hazrat Sulaiman to express submission. When Hazrat Sulaiman received this news, he addressed his obedient jinn in his court: “O courtiers, is there anyone among you who can bring me the throne of the Queen of Saba before they come to me in submission?” Among the jinn was a powerful Ifrit who said, “Before you rise from your place, I will bring it to you. Indeed, I have the strength for it and I am trustworthy.” A person who had knowledge of the Divine Scripture said, “I will bring it to you before the blink of your eye.” When Sulaiman saw the throne placed before him, he said, “This is by the grace of my Lord, so that He may test me whether I give thanks or am ungrateful. And whoever gives thanks, gives thanks for his own good; and whoever is ungrateful — then indeed my Lord i...
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*Genres of Poetry — Part 1* *1) Ghazal* Ghazal is the most popular genre of Urdu. It came into Urdu from Persian. Several Urdu poets experimented within the ghazal. Even those poets who strongly opposed the ghazal also composed poetry in the ghazal form — Hali, Josh, etc., who were against the ghazal, still created verses in the ghazal’s embrace. The literal meaning of ghazal is to converse with women, or to talk about women, or to speak of love and romance with the beloved. Structurally, in a ghazal both _misras_ of the first _sher_ are _ham-qafiya_, _ham-radif_, and _ham-wazan_.[with same refrain][in same meter] All subsequent couplets follow the _qafiya_, _radif_, and meter of the first _sher_.[rhyming] In terms of meaning, every _sher_ of a ghazal is a complete unit and conveys a separate idea. If an entire ghazal is written on a single theme, it is called a _ghazal-e-musalsal_. The first _sher_ of a ghazal is called the _matla_. If, after the _matla_, both _misras_ of the sec...
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*Ilm-e-Urooz — The Science of Prosody* _Ilm-e-Urooz_ is the science through which we determine whether a _sher_ is _mauzun_ or _na-mauzun_.[metrical][unmetrical][couplet] The purpose of _Ilm-e-Urooz_ is to arrange words in a specific meter so they can be recited melodiously. _Wazan_ means the required meter of a _sher_. *Bahr* The specific meters intended for a _sher_ are called _bahr_.[meter] *Arkaan of Bahrs* A _bahr_ consists of several _arkaan_ [metrical feet]. The main _arkaan_ of the _bahrs_ used in Urdu are as follows. *Components of a Rukn* Each _rukn_ is made up of two or three components. These components are of two types: two-letter or three-letter. A two-letter component is called _sabab_, and a three-letter component is called _watad_. *Sabab Khafeef* — The first letter is _mutaharrik_ and the second is _sakin_, e.g., _dil_. *Sabab Saqeel* — Both letters are _mutaharrik_. *Watad Maqroon* — The first letter is _mutaharrik_ and the second and third are _sakin_, e.g., _n...
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*Taqti — Scansion of Verse* _Taqti_ is the process of weighing the parts of a _sher_ against the _arkaan_ [metrical feet] of the _bahr_.[couplet][meter] _Taqti_ literally means “to break into pieces.” To make a _sher_ equal in weight to the _arkaan_, it is divided into pieces — hence this process is called _taqti_. In _taqti_, a _mutaharrik_ [voweled letter] is matched with a _mutaharrik_, and a _sakin_ [unvoweled letter] with a _sakin_. A _mutaharrik_ is a letter that carries a vowel sign — i.e., any one of _zabar_, _zer_, or _pesh_. A _sakin_ is a letter that has no vowel sign. For example, in _maktabi_: _meem_, _te_, and _be_ are _mutaharrik_, while _kaaf_, _wow_, and _ye_ are _sakin_. In _taqti_, only those letters are counted that are pronounced, even if they are not written. For instance, _Muhammad_ is written with four letters but five are pronounced — because of the _tashdeed_ on _meem_, it is uttered twice. So it is counted as five letters. An _alif-madd_ is counted as tw...
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*Syed Mohammad Mir Adal Amrohvi* Syed Mohammad Mir Adal was born on 9 March 1509 CE in the present-day Mohalla Gher Karam Ali Khan of Amroha. His father, Mir Syed Muntakhab Sani, was a distinguished son of his era who was a senior military officer during the reign of Mughal Emperor Babur. In recognition of his notable conquests, the emperor granted him the entire jagir of Amroha. Syed Mir Adal’s elder brother, Syed Mubarak, was also appointed to one of the highest military posts in Akbar’s court during his time. Syed Mohammad Mir Adal received his early education in Amroha. Initially, he also served as the first mudarris of the present Jama Masjid in Mohalla Maulana. Some time later, for further education, he went to Agra, where he acquired higher religious and worldly learning. His reputation for piety began to spread throughout the city.[teacher] In the light of this great background, the renowned court scholar of that era, Mulla Abdul Qadir Badauni, records Bairam Khan’s testimony t...