*Ilm-e-Urooz — The Science of Prosody*


_Ilm-e-Urooz_ is the science through which we determine whether a _sher_ is _mauzun_ or _na-mauzun_.[metrical][unmetrical][couplet]


The purpose of _Ilm-e-Urooz_ is to arrange words in a specific meter so they can be recited melodiously. _Wazan_ means the required meter of a _sher_.


*Bahr*

The specific meters intended for a _sher_ are called _bahr_.[meter]


*Arkaan of Bahrs*

A _bahr_ consists of several _arkaan_ [metrical feet]. The main _arkaan_ of the _bahrs_ used in Urdu are as follows.


*Components of a Rukn*

Each _rukn_ is made up of two or three components. These components are of two types: two-letter or three-letter. A two-letter component is called _sabab_, and a three-letter component is called _watad_.


*Sabab Khafeef* — The first letter is _mutaharrik_ and the second is _sakin_, e.g., _dil_.

*Sabab Saqeel* — Both letters are _mutaharrik_.

*Watad Maqroon* — The first letter is _mutaharrik_ and the second and third are _sakin_, e.g., _naam_, _nazm_, _shahr_.[voweled][unvoweled]


*Parts of a Sher*

In the first _misra_: _sadr_ [first _rukn_], _hashv_ [the middle one or two _rukn_].


*Common Bahrs and Their Meters in Urdu*


*Mufarrid Salim Bahrs* — These are _bahrs_ formed by the repetition of a single _rukn_ and used in their _salim_ form, i.e., without any change in the _rukn_. _Bahrs_ whose _arkaan_ are used eight times in a _sher_ are called _musamman_, and those used six times are called _musaddas_.


*Zahaf* — The literal meaning of _zahaf_ is “an arrow glancing off the target.” In the terminology of _urooz_, _zahaf_ refers to dropping one or two letters from a _rukn_ or adding one letter. There are many kinds of _zahaf_. Here, only those _zahafat_ that are specifically used in Urdu are being mentioned.


*Source:* _Ilm-e-Urooz_, Junaid Akram Faruqi

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