Here’s the English translation:


*Major Civilizations of the World*


*1. Sumerian Civilization*  

The Old World is a broader and more diverse stage than the New. By 6000 or 7000 BCE there were already semi-civilized communities appearing at about a Peruvian level in various fertile regions of Asia and the Nile Valley. 


It is in the lower part of Mesopotamia, however, and in Egypt that the first evidence appears of a city-temple system, irrigation, and a social organization that is rising above the level of the adjacent rock-village city. 


The Sumerians appear to have been a brown people with prominent noses, who employed a form of writing that has been understood and whose language is known. They had discovered the use of bronze and they built temples of great power, like ziggurats. The soil of this country is very fine, which they used for writing. 


They had fish, sheep, goats, and donkeys but no horses, and their priests shaved their heads. Each Sumerian city was generally an independent state with its own god and its own priest. A very ancient record at Nippur records the dominion of the Sumerian city of Erech. 


The Sumerian language was a language made up of agglutinated syllables, like some contemporary American languages. It is interesting to note that seals were very much used in ancient Sumeria. In Sumeria there was a great raised temple that led up to a platform, from which the stars were observed. In some areas the priest-ruler was the greatest and most splendid because of this. 


*2. Egyptian Civilization*  

The Egyptians were never very willing to accept the rule of their Semitic shepherd kings, and around 1600 BCE a powerful patriotic movement expelled these foreigners. Under Thutmose III and Amenhotep III, Egypt extended its rule into Asia as far as the Euphrates. 


The great dynasties — the 18th Dynasty, which included Thutmose III and Amenhotep III, and the fourth, and a great queen Hatshepsut, and the 19th when Ramses II reigned for 67 years and is held to have been the Pharaoh of Moses — raised Egypt to a high level of prosperity. 


The arrival of the Aryans in Mesopotamia and Egypt did not bring fundamental changes until after 1600 BCE. The flight of the Aegeans before the Greeks and even before the constraints of cause would have caused some very prominent disturbances for the citizens of both Egypt and Babylon. 


In Egypt, the accumulated monuments of more ancient times — the pyramids — were already in their third thousand years and were shown to visitors just as they are today. There was especially more construction during the times of the 18th and 19th dynasties in particular. 


The great temples of Karnak and Luxor date from this time. All the major monuments — the human-headed winged bulls, the reliefs of kings and chariots, and the lion hunts — were made in this period between 1600 and 600 BCE, and this period also includes most of the magnificence of Babylon.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

AL ASHARI SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY

 AL ASHARI SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY The more constructive among Asharite thinkers for no doubt on the right path and anticipated some of the more modern forms of idealism yet on the whole the object of the Asharite movement was simply to defend orthodox opinion with the weapons of Greek dialectic.Muslim thinkers of the school of Al AShari did not believe in the infinite divisibility of space and time with them space , time and motion are made up of points and instance which cannot be further subdivided. Ibne Azam however rejected the Asharaite notion of infinite smalls and modern mathematics has confirmed his view. the Asharite argument therefore cannot logically resolve the paradox of zeno Reference: The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam- Allama Iqbal.
Read more

FREDERICK II

Image
FREDERICK II His court was half Oriental and full of highly educated Arabs and some of these were associated in the education of the young King .now they were at some pains to make their point of view clear to him. He got a Muslim view of Christianity as well as a Christian view of ISlam and and unHappy result of this double system instruction was a view exceptional in the age of faith that all religion were  impostures.  He  talk freely on the subject . His blasphemies are on record. He gathered Jews and Muslim as well as Christian philosphers at his court and he did much to educate the Italian mind with saracenic influences. through him the Arabic numerals and algebra were introduced to Christian students and among other philosophers at his court was Michael Scott , who translated portions of Aristotle and the commentaries thereon of the Arab  philosopher averroes of cordoba. We have seen how the Arabs were the means of restoring Aristotle to Europe and how such a ...
Read more

Maulvi Samiullah Khan

Image
 Maulvi Samiullah Khan  He was a close aziz of Sir Syed. Born in 1834 in Delhi, after getting Arabic-Persian education, he got law education and got the post of Munsif. He had a keen eye on the law, hence gave clan-like decisions, but did this work according to his temperament. After not getting the desired results, he resigned and started practicing law.He started it on the very first day. Sir Syed's followers are helpful in his education movement. When a Madrasa was established in Aligarh under his mother, its supervision was handed over to him. He carried out his duties with utmost audacity. On the issue of Syed Mahmood's murder, he spoke to Sir Syed. There was a disagreement and there was a bad temper.But his sympathy for the college remained with him till the end. He died in Aligarh on 17th April 1908. As per his will, his body was taken to Delhi. He was laid to rest near his father's side near the tomb of Shah Abdul Aziz Muhammad Das, outside Delhi gate. incinerated R...
Read more