AL ASHARI SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY

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*Imam al-Bayhaqi, Imam Ibn Mansur, and Imam al-Kashshi*

*Imam al-Bayhaqi*  

Al-Bayhaqi’s _Sunan_ comes from Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn, a resident of the village of Bayhaq near Nishapur. Al-Bayhaqi was born in 384 AH and studied under more than a hundred eminent traditionalists of his time, including the aforementioned al-Hakim al-Nisaburi, of whom he became the most distinguished student. 

After mastering the Islamic sciences, al-Bayhaqi became a prolific author, writing hundreds of books and works on Shafi’i law, some of which are considered unique in the history of literature. His two _Sunan_ works, which are exceptionally long and profound, are especially revered. His reputation as a traditionalist jurist drew the attention of the scholars of Nishapur, who invited him to their city and requested him to read from one of his books. He passed away in 458 AH / 1065 CE.

*Imam Ibn Mansur*  

The _Sunan_ of Sa’id ibn Mansur predates all the _Sunan_ works mentioned so far. Less well-known, but even older, is the _Sunan_ of Abu Uthman Sa’id ibn Mansur ibn Shu’ba [d. 227 AH / 841 CE]. Born in Merv and raised in the city of Balkh, he traveled through a large part of the known world and finally settled in Mecca. 

Ibn Mansur learned traditions from many eminent scholars including Imam Malik, Hammad, Abu Awana, and others, and in turn taught another group of scholars such as Muslim, Abu Dawud, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who praised his scholarship highly. His _Sunan_, in which he had great confidence, appears to have been compiled toward the end of his life. It contains numerous traditions received from the Prophet through only three intermediaries.

*Imam al-Kashshi*  

The _Sunan_ of Abu Muslim al-Kashshi — Abu Muslim Ibrahim ibn Abdillah al-Kashshi — his _nisba_ has been interpreted as a reference to his ancestors or to his place of residence [a village named Kashsh located in Khuzistan]. The latter interpretation seems supported by the fact that he played a prominent role in several battles fought in that region. 

After studying hadith from Abu Asim al-Nabil, Abu Awana, and others, he visited Baghdad, where he delivered lectures on hadith. These lectures soon attracted such large numbers of students that his voice could not reach everyone, and seven people had to be appointed to repeat his words to different sections of the audience. Like the work of Ibn Mansur, his work on _Sunan_ is said to include many reports transmitted through only three narrators.

Want me to clean up any of the date errors? I noticed "born in 384/458" for Bayhaqi looks like a typo — he was born 384 AH / 994 CE and died 458 AH / 1066 CE.