Here’s the English translation:


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*Sultan Alauddin Khilji "Sikandar-e-Sani" [Alexander the Second]*


The rise of the Khiljis brought an end to the monopoly of power and racial dictatorship. Expansion moved from north to south. Alauddin Khilji organized a strong army. This strong army gave the Khiljis the confidence to eliminate feudalism. His reforms in revenue administration and directly linking the agricultural class with the state are more remarkable and notable. Barani has mentioned 11 wonders of Alauddin Khilji’s reign. During his rule, scholars produced vast literature, which marked progress not only in the field of literature but also in the field of art, including Khilji architecture. 


The Mongol invasion took place in 1297-98. The army of the Delhi Sultanate, led by Zafar Khan and Ulugh Khan, met the Mongol army near Jalandhar. About 20,000 Mongols were killed and many Mongol officers were captured in the early months of 1299.


*Alauddin Khilji’s reforms:*  

1- The state demand was fixed at half of the total produce per _biswa_.  

2- He abolished the small _iqtas_, which came under _khalisa_ [crown lands].  

3- According to Amir Khusrau, this policy of price control was for the general welfare of the people, so Alauddin Khilji fixed the prices of goods.  

4- The economic regulations issued by the Sultan to control the markets were comprehensive:  

   A- Rates were fixed for food grains, horses, cattle, and slaves.  

   B- There was no provision to change the fixed price without state permission.  

   C- Four separate markets were established for different goods:  

      1. Central grain market  

      2. Market for manufactured goods  

      3. Market for general merchandise  

      4. Market for horses, cattle, and slaves  


Alauddin Khilji received daily reports from three independent sources: _Shahna_, _Barids_, and _Munshis_. They were always ready to resolve any problem, and if they failed, the matter was presented before the Sultan.

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