4) Qasida (Ode)
In Arabic, _qasida_ means “to be deep/thorough” or “to extract
essence,” because in a qasida, the poet has to present the essence of a couplet
by spending extreme effort and time on it — hence it got this name. According
to some scholars, _qasida_ is derived from _qasd_ (intention), because the
poet, with full attention and intention, composes verses on a specific subject.
That is why this form of poetry came to be called _qasida_.
In literary terminology, _qasida_ is that form of nazm in which
someone is either praised or criticized.
5) Masnavi
The literal meaning of _masnavi_ is “two-two” or “something having
two parts.” _Masnavi_ is a poetic form in which both lines (misra) of every
couplet have the same rhyme, but the rhyme of each couplet is different from
the others. However, the meter (beher) remains the same throughout.
6) Rubai (Quatrain)
A _rubai_ is a poem of four lines. Its first, second, and fourth
lines rhyme with each other, while the third line is usually unrhymed. The
first couplet of a rubai is not called a _maqta_. In a rubai, special care is
taken to ensure that the fourth line is the most impactful, because this line
is the essence of the rubai.
Observing rhyme and meter is mandatory for a rubai. There are 24 fixed meters prescribed for rubai. A rubai that deviates from these meters cannot be called a rubai.
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